Sensitivity of Water Resource Systems Under Uncertainty: Analysis and Synthesis

This paper discusses the problem of planning water resource systems to be robust with respect to uncertainties. The main goal is to submit several reasonable statements about optimization problems in this field. Some properties of water resource systems under uncertainty are discussed briefly. The paper by no means pretends to encompass the complete scope of the problem. At best it provides an introduction to the problem encountered by the static models in the planning of water resource systems with unknown deterministic parameters

Modeling Regional Water Supply: Silistra Case Study

Water resource systems have been an important part of resources and environment related research at IIASA since its inception. As demands for water increase relative to supply, the intensity and efficiency of water resources management must be developed further. This in turn requires an increase in the degree of detail and sophistication of the analysis, including economic, social and environmental evaluation of water resources development alternatives aided by application of mathematical modeling techniques, to generate inputs for planning, design, and operational decisions. In 1978 it was decided that parallel to the continuation of demand studies, an attempt would be made to integrate the results of our studies on water demands with water supply considerations. This new task was named "Regional Water Management" (Task 1, Resources and Environment Area). One of the case studies in this Task, carried out in collaboration with several Bulgarian institutions and the Regional Development Task of IIASA, is concerned with water resources management in the Silistra region of Bulgaria. This paper on modeling the water supply system in the Silistra region accompanies the earlier study on the water demands of agriculture in the same region

Coordination of Water Demand and Supply Models: Silistra Region Case Study

To date, the economic analysis of water use, especially in a regional context, is unthinkable without the coordination of water demand and supply issues. The point is that water supply costs and water demand are closely interrelated. The paper presents one of the possible approaches to water supply-demand balancing. Specifically, it is concerned with the coordination of the two regional models -- agricultural water demand and water supply models for the Silistra region of Bulgaria. Both these models were developed at IIASA separately in 1977 and 1979 respectively. The approach is based on the search for the equilibrium state for water demands and marginal costs of water. The procedure of the search for the equilibrium point developed is the iterative process of interacting the two models mentioned above. The paper does not attempt to find theoretical proofs for the existence and uniqueness of the equilibrium state for the two models, or the convergence of the iterative process. The main working tool in the water demand and supply coordination chosen was computer experiments. The interactive runs of these models were done on the IIASA PDP 11/45 and Pisa (Italy) IBM 365/170 computers. Convergence of the iterative process above occurred in the five iterations. One of the interesting results of the modeling effort is the economic inexpedience of irrigation for some agricultural areas with high enough marginal costs of water. In the paper, the Silistra agricultural water demand and supply models, the principles of their coordination, and results of runs are presented

An Approach to the Construction of the Regional Water Resource Model

The contemporary analysis of regional development is unthinkable without taking into account the water resource factor. Many specific properties of the regional water resource model developed for this purpose result from that information about water resources which is necessary for the regional planner. In actual fact, he wouldlike to know not so much what the water supply or quality management system should be, as what the influence of water resource availability on regional development is. In the present approach such an influence is implemented through the mechanism of the total cost associated with the creation of regional water supply and treatment systems as well as the marginal water costs distributed geographically. The regional water resource model below consists of the two interconnected systems: water supply and water quality management. Many general statements are implemented for the Silistra Case Study and submitted in the conclusive section

Single hadron response measurement and calorimeter jet energy scale uncertainty with the ATLAS detector at the LHC

The uncertainty on the calorimeter energy response to jets of particles is derived for the ATLAS experiment at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). First, the calorimeter response to single isolated charged hadrons is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo simulation using proton-proton collisions at centre-of-mass energies of sqrt(s) = 900 GeV and 7 TeV collected during 2009 and 2010. Then, using the decay of K_s and Lambda particles, the calorimeter response to specific types of particles (positively and negatively charged pions, protons, and anti-protons) is measured and compared to the Monte Carlo predictions. Finally, the jet energy scale uncertainty is determined by propagating the response uncertainty for single charged and neutral particles to jets. The response uncertainty is 2-5% for central isolated hadrons and 1-3% for the final calorimeter jet energy scale.Comment: 24 pages plus author list (36 pages total), 23 figures, 1 table, submitted to European Physical Journal

Measurement of the flavour composition of dijet events in pp collisions at root s=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

This paper describes a measurement of the flavour composition of dijet events produced in pp collisions at √s=7 TeV using the ATLAS detector. The measurement uses the full 2010 data sample, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 39 pb−1. Six possible combinations of light, charm and bottom jets are identified in the dijet events, where the jet flavour is defined by the presence of bottom, charm or solely light flavour hadrons in the jet. Kinematic variables, based on the properties of displaced decay vertices and optimised for jet flavour identification, are used in a multidimensional template fit to measure the fractions of these dijet flavour states as functions of the leading jet transverse momentum in the range 40 GeV to 500 GeV and jet rapidity |y|<2.1. The fit results agree with the predictions of leading- and next-to-leading-order calculations, with the exception of the dijet fraction composed of bottom and light flavour jets, which is underestimated by all models at large transverse jet momenta. The ability to identify jets containing two b-hadrons, originating from e.g. gluon splitting, is demonstrated. The difference between bottom jet production rates in leading and subleading jets is consistent with the next-to-leading-order predictions

Measurement of χ c1 and χ c2 production with s√ = 7 TeV pp collisions at ATLAS

The prompt and non-prompt production cross-sections for the χ c1 and χ c2 charmonium states are measured in pp collisions at s√ = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector at the LHC using 4.5 fb−1 of integrated luminosity. The χ c states are reconstructed through the radiative decay χ c → J/ψγ (with J/ψ → μ + μ −) where photons are reconstructed from γ → e + e − conversions. The production rate of the χ c2 state relative to the χ c1 state is measured for prompt and non-prompt χ c as a function of J/ψ transverse momentum. The prompt χ c cross-sections are combined with existing measurements of prompt J/ψ production to derive the fraction of prompt J/ψ produced in feed-down from χ c decays. The fractions of χ c1 and χ c2 produced in b-hadron decays are also measured

Search for high-mass resonances decaying to dilepton final states in pp collisions at s√=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider is used to search for high-mass resonances decaying to an electron-positron pair or a muon-antimuon pair. The search is sensitive to heavy neutral Z′ gauge bosons, Randall-Sundrum gravitons, Z * bosons, techni-mesons, Kaluza-Klein Z/γ bosons, and bosons predicted by Torsion models. Results are presented based on an analysis of pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.9 fb−1 in the e + e − channel and 5.0 fb−1 in the μ + μ −channel. A Z ′ boson with Standard Model-like couplings is excluded at 95 % confidence level for masses below 2.22 TeV. A Randall-Sundrum graviton with coupling k/MPl=0.1 is excluded at 95 % confidence level for masses below 2.16 TeV. Limits on the other models are also presented, including Technicolor and Minimal Z′ Models